The concept of perceollapsed - The concept of peace is more clearly understood in comparison with the concept of violence. Direct violence, the popularly understood meaning of violence, is referred to physical injuries and the infliction of pain that is caused by a specific person. Structural violence is apparent in social systems maintained by exploitative means throughout ...

 
Definition of precollapse in the Definitions.net dictionary. Meaning of precollapse. What does precollapse mean? Information and translations of precollapse in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web.. What happens if i donpercent27t pay illinois tolls

neoliberalism, ideology and policy model that emphasizes the value of free market competition. Although there is considerable debate as to the defining features of neoliberal thought and practice, it is most commonly associated with laissez-faire economics. In particular, neoliberalism is often characterized in terms of its belief in sustained ... The quest to define peace as a concept and set of values is as old as recorded history. The concept of peace was first introduced into academic literature by the Norwegian pioneer of peace research Johan Galtung, who distinguished between two types of peace: positive peace and negative peace. Wooden icons used in liturgical activities suffer a series of evolutionary deteriorations and degradations over time, due to improper storage and use conditions. The deterioration of the physical state of the structural-functional elements and degradation of the chemical nature of the components often lead old easel paintings to precarious preservation (almost close to pre-collapse ...(1967: 12) describes it as an “umbrella concept”. To him, it is a state of mind felt as a consequence of the actualization of certain stated human desires. That is, it is a feeling of internal serenity as a result of external stability. Galtung (1967) also describes peace as touching the concept of law and order. That is, an On the evening of 7 February 2018, a deadly collapse of a metro tunnel under construction in the Southern China city of Foshan caused 11 deaths, 8 injuries, and 1 missing person. For disaster prevention and mitigation, the spatiotemporal ground deformations before and after the collapse event were derived from 55 Sentinel-1A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images spanning from March 2017 to ... The concept of peace is more clearly understood in comparison with the concept of violence. Direct violence, the popularly understood meaning of violence, is referred to physical injuries and the infliction of pain that is caused by a specific person. Structural violence is apparent in social systems maintained by exploitative means throughout ...1. The Development of the Concept of Peace In this paper I try to survey the development of the concept of peace, in other words the ways by which the human aspirations for peace took shape. However, my attempt is limited both in space and time. My analysis concentrates mainly on Europe (but partly on the US) and I deal with only a few centu-Apr 5, 2017 · “Perceptual Learning” refers, roughly, to long-lasting changes in perception that result from practice or experience (see E.J. Gibson 1963). William James, for instance, writes about how a person can become able to differentiate by taste between the upper and lower half of a bottle for a particular kind of wine (1890: 509). The author's study of the prompt shock mechanism continues with an investigation of the effect of the softness of the supranuclear behavior of the equation of state (EOS), and of the structure of the precollapse core model. Three different levels of neutrino transport were incorporated in the calculations. When neutrino-electron scattering (NES) is turned off and only e-type neutrinos are ...The aftermath of World War I saw cultural, economic, and social change across Eurasia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved.Four empires collapsed due to the war, old countries were abolished, new ones were formed, boundaries were redrawn, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds. Western concepts of peace originate in 1) the Ancient Judaism concept of shalom, 2) the Greek concept of eirene, and 3) the Roman concept of pax. Here the most common elements are prosperity and order where order refers primarily to rule of law. The Easter concepts of peace emphasize order and tranquility of mind.Definition of precollapse in the Definitions.net dictionary. Meaning of precollapse. What does precollapse mean? Information and translations of precollapse in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Western concepts of peace originate in 1) the Ancient Judaism concept of shalom, 2) the Greek concept of eirene, and 3) the Roman concept of pax. Here the most common elements are prosperity and order where order refers primarily to rule of law. The Easter concepts of peace emphasize order and tranquility of mind.These three principles are inter-related and mutually reinforcing: Consent of the parties. Impartiality. Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate. 1. Consent of the parties. UN peacekeeping operations are deployed with the consent of the main parties to the conflict. This requires a commitment by the parties to a ... Apr 5, 2021 · A scandal of exceptional scope and impact, it was (at the time) the largest bankruptcy in American history. The alleged business practices of its executives led to numerous individual criminal convictions. It was also a principal impetus for the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the evolution of the concept of corporate responsibility. Collapse definition, to fall or cave in; crumble suddenly: The roof collapsed and buried the crowd. See more. Learn about:- 1. Meaning of Business Environment 2. Definition of Business Environment 3. Concept 4. Scope 5. Factors 6. Need 7. Features 8. Components 9. Dimensions ...Aug 21, 2021 · Background Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (NONFH) is a devastating disease, and the risk factors associated with progression into collapse after core decompression (CD) remain poorly defined. Therefore, we aim to define risk factors associated with collapse-free survival (CFS) after CD of precollapse NONFH and to propose a nomogram for individual risk prediction. Methods ... Wooden icons used in liturgical activities suffer a series of evolutionary deteriorations and degradations over time, due to improper storage and use conditions. The deterioration of the physical state of the structural-functional elements and degradation of the chemical nature of the components often lead old easel paintings to precarious preservation (almost close to pre-collapse ...ActiveHistory An ActiveHistory subscription provides everything you need to construct and deliver a two-year IGCSE History course from start to finish. All of the materials have been designed by a full-time teacher who has been delivering the IGCSE History syllabus since 2005.The five issues are: (1) the ontology of concepts, (2) the structure of concepts, (3) empiricism and nativism about concepts, (4) concepts and natural language, and (5) concepts and conceptual analysis. 1. The ontology of concepts. 1.1 Concepts as mental representations. 1.2 Concepts as abilities. 1.3 Concepts as abstract objects.In a mean follow up of 5.5 years, the survival of the femoral head was observed in 72.2% of the patients. There were significant improvement in both Harris Hip Scores and pain scores postoperatively.Background Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (NONFH) is a devastating disease, and the risk factors associated with progression into collapse after core decompression (CD) remain poorly defined. Therefore, we aim to define risk factors associated with collapse-free survival (CFS) after CD of precollapse NONFH and to propose a nomogram for individual risk prediction. Methods ...Rock That Fell on Worker's Head Was Freak Accident (the rock that crashed down on a state worker's head was a freak accident - after investigators inspected the contract, the safety plans and the situation, they decided the worker was wearing the right safety gear and there were no violations - accident happened at about 9:00 a.m. - crews were detonating explosives to break up large rocks ... These three principles are inter-related and mutually reinforcing: Consent of the parties. Impartiality. Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate. 1. Consent of the parties. UN peacekeeping operations are deployed with the consent of the main parties to the conflict. This requires a commitment by the parties to a ... This research focuses on Johan Galtung’s theory of the culture of peace. Based on his thoughts, the problems in this study are: 1). What is Johan Galtung's concept of a culture of peace? 2).Death - Ancient Egypt, Rituals, Beliefs: Two ideas that prevailed in ancient Egypt came to exert great influence on the concept of death in other cultures. The first was the notion, epitomized in the Osirian myth, of a dying and rising saviour god who could confer on devotees the gift of immortality; this afterlife was first sought by the ...Apr 5, 2021 · A scandal of exceptional scope and impact, it was (at the time) the largest bankruptcy in American history. The alleged business practices of its executives led to numerous individual criminal convictions. It was also a principal impetus for the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the evolution of the concept of corporate responsibility. The League of Nations was an international diplomatic group developed after World War I as a way to solve disputes between countries before they erupted into open warfare. A precursor to the ...ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT. This is a literature-reviewing and conceptualizing article introducing a Special Issue that is addressing the broad field of ‘peacebuilding amidst violence’. We take as a point of departure that peacebuilding (as we know it) is widely failing to deliver on its promises.Learn about:- 1. Meaning of Business Environment 2. Definition of Business Environment 3. Concept 4. Scope 5. Factors 6. Need 7. Features 8. Components 9. Dimensions ...14,794. 3,343. The wave function collapse, properly understood, is a central part of quantum theory. It refers to how a measurement changes the quantum state. The quantum state does not necessarily represent something in reality, and is a tool to calculate the probabilities of measurement results. The measurement results are considered to be a ...The Concert of Europe was a general consensus among the great powers of 19th-century Europe to maintain the European balance of power, political boundaries, and spheres of influence. Never a perfect unity and subject to disputes and jockeying for position and influence, the Concert was an extended period of relative peace and stability in ...Background. Yugoslavia occupied a significant portion of the Balkan Peninsula, including a strip of land on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea, stretching southward from the Bay of Trieste in Central Europe to the mouth of Bojana as well as Lake Prespa inland, and eastward as far as the Iron Gates on the Danube and Midžor in the Balkan Mountains, thus including a large part of Southeast ... The aftermath of World War I saw cultural, economic, and social change across Eurasia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved.Four empires collapsed due to the war, old countries were abolished, new ones were formed, boundaries were redrawn, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds. 2. Peace concepts in the Occident Peace, however conceived of, is a character-istic of some 'system': intra-personal, inter-personal, intra-societal, inter-societal, intra-global (and here we choose to stop). It is a concept applied to a system, hence it will necessarily be colored by the traditions governing concept-formation and system-Rock That Fell on Worker's Head Was Freak Accident (the rock that crashed down on a state worker's head was a freak accident - after investigators inspected the contract, the safety plans and the situation, they decided the worker was wearing the right safety gear and there were no violations - accident happened at about 9:00 a.m. - crews were detonating explosives to break up large rocks ...Teaching activities Key Concepts PLTS Key words Written product including assessment Resources 1-2 How did the peace treaties in the inter-war years lead to conflict in the 1930’s? All: will be able to describe the blunders made by the league during the early 1930s. Most: will be able to give specific examples of how the League causedMay 1, 2008 · 5. This paper does not claim to cover or explain IR theory comprehensively — it is already perhaps over ambitious — or to move beyond its western corpus (as it probably should) but it endeavours to be particularly sensitive to the claims of IR theory about the pros and cons of even having a debate about peace. 6. 6. Feb 1, 2023 · It is the process of using our senses to become aware of objects, relationships. It is through this experience that we gain information about the environment around us. Perception relies on the cognitive functions we use to process information, such as utilizing memory to recognize the face of a friend or detect a familiar scent. The concept of democratic peace must be distinguished from the claim that democracies are in general more peaceful than nondemocratic countries. Whereas the latter claim is controversial, the claim that democratic states do not fight each other is widely regarded as true by scholars and practitioners of international relations. Most people embroiled in violent intergroup conflict have sincere desires for peace. Yet, we show that, even in its abstract form, the concept of peace encompasses different interpretations, each influenced by the perceiver’s experiences of conflict, and each shaping the way in which the perceiver thinks about conflict resolution.Stanford historian Walter Scheidel calls the fall of Rome the “great escape.” (Image credit: Daniel Hinterramskogler) Scheidel discusses in a new book why the Roman Empire was never rebuilt ...These three principles are inter-related and mutually reinforcing: Consent of the parties. Impartiality. Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate. 1. Consent of the parties. UN peacekeeping operations are deployed with the consent of the main parties to the conflict. This requires a commitment by the parties to a ...Definition of precollapse in the Definitions.net dictionary. Meaning of precollapse. What does precollapse mean? Information and translations of precollapse in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web.Apr 5, 2021 · A scandal of exceptional scope and impact, it was (at the time) the largest bankruptcy in American history. The alleged business practices of its executives led to numerous individual criminal convictions. It was also a principal impetus for the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the evolution of the concept of corporate responsibility. According to Kanti Bajpai, the concept of peace can be defined on the basis of another three different perspectives. “Firstly, peace as the mere absence of war, that is a hegemonic of deterrent peace, secondly peace as functional and economic interaction, what could be called a transactional peace and peace as a social condition in which accommodation rather than force mediate change ...(1967: 12) describes it as an “umbrella concept”. To him, it is a state of mind felt as a consequence of the actualization of certain stated human desires. That is, it is a feeling of internal serenity as a result of external stability. Galtung (1967) also describes peace as touching the concept of law and order. That is, anApr 5, 2017 · “Perceptual Learning” refers, roughly, to long-lasting changes in perception that result from practice or experience (see E.J. Gibson 1963). William James, for instance, writes about how a person can become able to differentiate by taste between the upper and lower half of a bottle for a particular kind of wine (1890: 509). The two most significant institutions that influence children’s concept of love and hate are family and school. The constructive relationship among students can be enhanced by a co-operative learning environment, conflict resolution techniques, and dispute management cells in schools that would help them to live in a peaceful world [14].Psychology Definition of PERCEPTUAL CLOSURE: the procedure wherein an incomplete stimulant is comprehended to be complete.2 ROBERT I. ROTBERG succumb to failure, or collapse, and why others in ostensibly more straightened circumstances remain weak and at risk without ever destructing.Mar 8, 2005 · The Problem of Perception. The Problem of Perception is that if illusions and hallucinations are possible, then perceptual experience, as we ordinarily understand it, is impossible. The Problem is animated by two central arguments: the argument from illusion (§2.1) and the argument from hallucination (§2.2). • Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? • Who was to blame for the Cold War? • How effectively did the United States contain the spread of Communism? • How secure was the USSR’s control over Eastern Europe, 1948–c.1989? • Why did events in the Gulf matter, c.1970–2000? The International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry 682 facial or buccal root section alone to maintain the tissues at immedi-ate implant placement. 8 A tooth planned for extraction ... Perestroika (“restructuring” in Russian) refers to a series of political and economic reforms meant to kick-start the stagnant 1980s economy of the Soviet Union. Its architect, President ...The aftermath of World War I saw cultural, economic, and social change across Eurasia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved.Four empires collapsed due to the war, old countries were abolished, new ones were formed, boundaries were redrawn, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds. Everyone spaces out from time to time. While spacing out can simply be a sign that you are sleep deprived, stressed, or distracted, it can also be due to a transient ischemic attack, seizure, hypotension, hypoglycemia, migraine, transient global amnesia, fatigue, narcolepsy, or drug misuse. If you have repeated episodes or experience a lack of ...neoliberalism, ideology and policy model that emphasizes the value of free market competition. Although there is considerable debate as to the defining features of neoliberal thought and practice, it is most commonly associated with laissez-faire economics. In particular, neoliberalism is often characterized in terms of its belief in sustained ...Stanford historian Walter Scheidel calls the fall of Rome the “great escape.” (Image credit: Daniel Hinterramskogler) Scheidel discusses in a new book why the Roman Empire was never rebuilt ...Positive Peace is defined as the attitudes, institutions and structures that create and sustain peaceful societies. It provides a framework to understand and then address the multiple and complex challenges the world faces. Positive Peace is transformational in that it is a cross-cutting factor for progress, making it easier for businesses to ...Why International Peace Collapsed By 1939. By the year 1939, peace in and among the countries of the world had lost next to all stability. Reasons for the outbreak of the Second World War include the actions of Adolf Hitler, the policy of appeasement, the vast number of problems caused by both the Treaty of Versailles and other peace treaties ...Big bounce models have a venerable history and were endorsed on largely aesthetic grounds by cosmologists including Willem de Sitter, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, George McVittie and George Gamow (who stressed that "from the physical point of view we must forget entirely about the precollapse period"). The concept of democratic peace must be distinguished from the claim that democracies are in general more peaceful than nondemocratic countries. Whereas the latter claim is controversial, the claim that democratic states do not fight each other is widely regarded as true by scholars and practitioners of international relations. Aug 21, 2021 · Background Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (NONFH) is a devastating disease, and the risk factors associated with progression into collapse after core decompression (CD) remain poorly defined. Therefore, we aim to define risk factors associated with collapse-free survival (CFS) after CD of precollapse NONFH and to propose a nomogram for individual risk prediction. Methods ... The Soviet Union was an ethnically diverse country, with more than 100 distinct ethnic groups. The total population of the country was estimated at 293 million in 1991. According to a 1990 estimate, the majority of the population were Russians (50.78%), followed by Ukrainians (15.45%) and Uzbeks (5.84%). [263]The Revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, [3] was a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements that resulted in the collapse of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the Eastern Bloc and other parts of the world. Sometimes this revolutionary wave is also called the Fall of Nations or the Autumn of Nations, [4] [5] [6 ...Aug 1, 2019 · 14,794. 3,343. The wave function collapse, properly understood, is a central part of quantum theory. It refers to how a measurement changes the quantum state. The quantum state does not necessarily represent something in reality, and is a tool to calculate the probabilities of measurement results. The measurement results are considered to be a ... Sep 29, 2018 · The mechanism of vasovagal syncope. The name comes from how the afferent part of the reflex comes from the vessels (vaso), while the efferent part comes from the vagus (vagal). After loss of consciousness you will lose muscle tone, causing you to fall and assume a supine position. This evens out the distribution of blood, causing consciousness ... Purpose. The purposes of this study were to investigate (1) the clinical, radiographic and arthroscopic presentation of patients with subchondral insufficiency fracture of the femoral head (SIFFH) and (2) the outcomes following arthroscopic treatment with internal fixation using hydroxyapatite poly-lactate acid (HA/PLLA) threaded pins and concomitant arthroscopic treatment of associated findings.The global collapse is controlled by the logic or concept of the civilizational concept, although civilizational environmental aesthetic values such as balance and harmony may be relevant.Why International Peace Collapsed By 1939. By the year 1939, peace in and among the countries of the world had lost next to all stability. Reasons for the outbreak of the Second World War include the actions of Adolf Hitler, the policy of appeasement, the vast number of problems caused by both the Treaty of Versailles and other peace treaties ... Collapse definition, to fall or cave in; crumble suddenly: The roof collapsed and buried the crowd. See more.The Japanese Investigation Committee introduced the concept of location of the lesions. 8 Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) proposed a new international classification in 2001 using MRI. 9 This system uses the four part staging system of Ficat, while adding the extent of involvement advocated by Steinberg 7 and the location of ...The Concert of Europe was a general consensus among the great powers of 19th-century Europe to maintain the European balance of power, political boundaries, and spheres of influence. Never a perfect unity and subject to disputes and jockeying for position and influence, the Concert was an extended period of relative peace and stability in ...Teaching activities Key Concepts PLTS Key words Written product including assessment Resources 1-2 How did the peace treaties in the inter-war years lead to conflict in the 1930’s? All: will be able to describe the blunders made by the league during the early 1930s. Most: will be able to give specific examples of how the League caused It is impossible to discuss concepts of collapse and regeneration without taking into account recent heated debates between Jared Diamond and his critics, notably in the book edited by Patricia McAnany and Norman Yoffee . Diamond tends to explain collapses by societal choices that were environmentally unwise; his critics often deny or underplay ... Teaching activities Key Concepts PLTS Key words Written product including assessment Resources 1-2 How did the peace treaties in the inter-war years lead to conflict in the 1930’s? All: will be able to describe the blunders made by the league during the early 1930s. Most: will be able to give specific examples of how the League caused Western concepts of peace originate in 1) the Ancient Judaism concept of shalom, 2) the Greek concept of eirene, and 3) the Roman concept of pax. Here the most common elements are prosperity and order where order refers primarily to rule of law. The Easter concepts of peace emphasize order and tranquility of mind.It is impossible to discuss concepts of collapse and regeneration without taking into account recent heated debates between Jared Diamond and his critics, notably in the book edited by Patricia McAnany and Norman Yoffee . Diamond tends to explain collapses by societal choices that were environmentally unwise; his critics often deny or underplay ...Definition of precollapse in the Definitions.net dictionary. Meaning of precollapse. What does precollapse mean? Information and translations of precollapse in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web.

Death - Ancient Egypt, Rituals, Beliefs: Two ideas that prevailed in ancient Egypt came to exert great influence on the concept of death in other cultures. The first was the notion, epitomized in the Osirian myth, of a dying and rising saviour god who could confer on devotees the gift of immortality; this afterlife was first sought by the .... Atandt nesr me

the concept of perceollapsed

Collapse definition, to fall or cave in; crumble suddenly: The roof collapsed and buried the crowd. See more. Aug 1, 2019 · 14,794. 3,343. The wave function collapse, properly understood, is a central part of quantum theory. It refers to how a measurement changes the quantum state. The quantum state does not necessarily represent something in reality, and is a tool to calculate the probabilities of measurement results. The measurement results are considered to be a ... The Soviet Union was an ethnically diverse country, with more than 100 distinct ethnic groups. The total population of the country was estimated at 293 million in 1991. According to a 1990 estimate, the majority of the population were Russians (50.78%), followed by Ukrainians (15.45%) and Uzbeks (5.84%). [263] Oct 27, 2009 · Détente, French for “relaxation,” is “a process of managing relations with a potentially hostile country in order to preserve peace while maintaining our vital interests,” Henry Kissinger ... Sep 29, 2018 · The mechanism of vasovagal syncope. The name comes from how the afferent part of the reflex comes from the vessels (vaso), while the efferent part comes from the vagus (vagal). After loss of consciousness you will lose muscle tone, causing you to fall and assume a supine position. This evens out the distribution of blood, causing consciousness ... Perceived Obsolescence is when a person is persuaded into replacing an item before the old one has lost its functionality. It can be as simple as the old item becoming unfashionable or less desirable. The old item is perceived to be obsolete when it is not. The perceived obsolescence is usually due to the item’s aesthetics instead of ...Sep 1, 2017 · The Soviet Union, or U.S.S.R., was made up of 15 countries in Eastern Europe and Asia and lasted from 1922 until its fall in 1991. The Soviet Union was the world’s first Marxist-Communist state ... Mar 1, 2022 · This study aimed to evaluate clinical results, femoral head survival, and the need for total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with precollapse osteonecrosis of the femoral head (OFH) (Steinberg stage II and III) treated by free vascularized fibula graft ... (1967: 12) describes it as an “umbrella concept”. To him, it is a state of mind felt as a consequence of the actualization of certain stated human desires. That is, it is a feeling of internal serenity as a result of external stability. Galtung (1967) also describes peace as touching the concept of law and order. That is, an A deep irony underlies the concept of peace in these three great Western religious systems. Christianity, for example, gave rise to one of the great warrior traditions in the world, yet it is unique among Western religions in the degree to which it was founded upon a message of peace, love, and nonviolence. Western concepts of peace originate in 1) the Ancient Judaism concept of shalom, 2) the Greek concept of eirene, and 3) the Roman concept of pax. Here the most common elements are prosperity and order where order refers primarily to rule of law. The Easter concepts of peace emphasize order and tranquility of mind. The concept lay largely dormant until 2007, when an influential article by Columbia University counseling psychologist Derald Wing Sue and his co-authors brought it to the attention of a ...The approach taken to this in the present article is to see the concept of peace in the light of the social cosmology of various civilizations, roughly spanning the classical Occident-Orient spectrum. Methodologically, the terms explored are those that usually are translated, however superficially, into 'peace' in English — and that leads to ...2. Peace concepts in the Occident Peace, however conceived of, is a character-istic of some 'system': intra-personal, inter-personal, intra-societal, inter-societal, intra-global (and here we choose to stop). It is a concept applied to a system, hence it will necessarily be colored by the traditions governing concept-formation and system- The Soviet Union, or U.S.S.R., was made up of 15 countries in Eastern Europe and Asia and lasted from 1922 until its fall in 1991. The Soviet Union was the world’s first Marxist-Communist state ...This research focuses on Johan Galtung’s theory of the culture of peace. Based on his thoughts, the problems in this study are: 1). What is Johan Galtung's concept of a culture of peace? 2). Statue of Eirene, goddess of peace in ancient Greek religion, with the infant Plutus. Peace means societal friendship and harmony in the absence of hostility and violence. In a social sense, peace is commonly used to mean a lack of conflict (such as war) and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or groups.An empire consists of a central state that also controls large amounts of territory and often diverse populations. Empires rise and grow as they expand power and influence, and can fall if they lose control of too much territory or are overthrown. Historians can better understand these processes by comparing how they occurred in different empires..

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